Feminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political,...

What Is Feminism? In our world today, feminism has become a recent topic of interest, being discussed all over social media, as well as being represented by various celebrity advocates for the movement. There is such a negative connotation with feminism, and this negative connotation more often than not comes from those who have refused to â€Å"come closer† to feminism.1 Because if you take a closer look, it is not all about women who despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.† While that is an accurate description of what feminism is, in a larger context, it is a fight for gender equality. Feminism is a contribution†¦show more content†¦This is not to downplay the atrocity that is domestic violence, but feminism is a fight for gender equality on all levels. While that may be an extreme example, we need to remember not to victimize either sex. Mayb e women do not receive the same consequences because people assume they attacked in self-defense, because the man is always supposed to be the aggressor according to ideas we have been trained to believe. This reason exactly is why we cannot victimize either gender. We have to come together, not as man and woman, but as humans with rights, and rights to challenge situations where inequality is illustrated. The second, and probably most common misconception, is that of feminists hating men. Simply put, this is just not true. First of all, the main problem with this is that for a feminist to hate men, in itself, is completely sexist. The whole point of feminism is to eliminate this thinking, and not at all to reinforce that to shame men to make themselves look better. Another thing that is wrong with the idea that feminists just hate men, is that not all feminists are women. In fact, a completely other issue relating to feminism is that a lot of women do not even want to label themselves as such because of the negative connotation discussed earlier that envelopes feminism in a dark cloud.2 Likewise with Feminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political,... Feminism. What is the meaning of feminism? This can defined in many different ways according to many different people. The real definition of feminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social and economical equality to men. Many decades have passed where women would try to gain equality to men. Many opportunities have been taken away from women. Opportunities that only men can handle; or at least think they were the only ones that can handle it. Feminism consists of five main components. Those components include patriarchy, discrimination, gender stereotypes, economic dependency and emotional work. For many hundreds of years, to this day, women continue to encounter these dilemmas. No matter what a woman tries to accomplish, she has to deal with if not one, all of these components of feminism. The main component a women faces everyday life is gender stereotypes. Gender stereotypes are negative generalizations or misconceptions of women. These are p erpetuated in the media, educational system and just around the world in general. Some of these stereotypes include women not being as strong as men, they can’t play sports, they don’t make as much money as men do, and the list goes on and on. The biggest stereotype that still remains to this day is that a woman’s only job should be the clean the house and take care of the children while the man of the house goes out and provides for his family. This stereotype couldn’t have Harrison 2 been anymoreShow MoreRelatedFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1507 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around as long as women have been. Feminism according to google is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. So it is basically women wanting to be treated equally. The history of feminism is pretty sketch considering how it was never called feminism until america got a hold of it. But never the less there are definite matriarchal influences throughout the history of the world. A couple of asian cultures were based off ofRead MoreFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1686 Words   |  7 PagesIs Feminism? In our world today, feminism has become a recent topic of interest, being discussed all over social media, as well as being represented by various celebrity advocates for the movement. There is such a negative connotation with feminism, and this negative connotation more often than not comes from those who have refused to â€Å"come closer† to feminism.1 Because if you take a closer look, it is not all about women who despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism isRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Trifles, feminism is portrayed by the female characters in the book as well as the male characters. Feminism is defined as: the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (â€Å"Feminism†). The female characters are represented in a way that highlights the best characteristics of females, which in turn gives t he reader or viewer a strong sense of feminism. The male characters in the book such as: the police officers and the husband show malesRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1529 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism is a term defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. This theory is centered on women living in patriarchal society. During the 1900s life for women differed greatly from the lives of men. Patriarch communities were very prevalent during this time. As a result Susan Glaspell dedicated many, if not all of her works as dramas describing the restricting view of women living in the early twentieth century. Feminism shows howRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 Pages English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that time period were likely considered atrociousRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1391 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism, a word defined as, â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men,† a word that provokes strong feelings of either support or strong hate. (Webster) The people who do agree with feminism claim that it has helped them with their experiences of oppression because they are female, while others argue that it is against men and promotes hostility . While many argue over what feminism really means, the reputation feminism receives from peopleRead MoreFeminism Is The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an advocate for women’s rights. She was involved in Progressive Era reform culture. Gilman, author of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, illustrates in the short story that women can overcome the weight patriarchy puts on them mentally. The narrator’s husband, John, displayed paternal behavior towards her which was belittling. Gilman uses metaphors, specifically personificationRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesall, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection of feminism known as social feminism. This branch of feminism was more interestedRead MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesSocial construction Social construction is when words, identities and concepts are socially and historically constructed in a society. In other words, this is when the value and meanings are tied to concepts such as feminity, masculinity, race, class and gender. Hence, this same values and meanings of such concepts change and impact the society we live in. Furthermore, the idea of a social construct is significant in many various ways. For example, social construct helps us understand about feminityRead MoreLiberal Feminists Vs Liberal Feminism992 Words   |  4 Pagesor true equality, however. Although they encourage women to challenge a male dominated society for acceptance as an equal, they do not believe that everyone possesses equal ability or an equal right to societal resources (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 5), ergo ‘justice’. Equality for liberal feminists means equal opportunity to work for what they want - to compete with men on equal terms in both professional and political aren as (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). As far as equality in the social arena,

A Brief Note On Counseling And Family Counseling - 1271 Words

Counseling Specialty Marriage and Family Counseling Focusing on Minuchin s Structural Family Therapy Bridget G. Cleveland The University of Memphis Authors Note: This paper was prepared for the introduction course 4611: Counseling, taught by Instructor Hatcher. Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy of Marriage and Family According to Nugent and Jones (2009), Marriage and family counseling began between the 1940 s and 1950 s, but officially became a profession in the late 1970’s and 1980’s Gladding, 2007 (p. 176).† They stated, Marriage and family counseling is aimed at improving not only relationship problems, but also mental and emotional disorders within the context of larger family social systems (Nugent and Jones, 2009,†¦show more content†¦Minuchin work with a family many times and having seen his films, I am always impressed with his great skill in joining families. Although the techniques are described in detail in the book, one has to watch him to get a sense of the full impact of a skilled therapist (p. 63). It shows his ability to share a family’s language and tempo seems to reassure families very quickly that he will understand them. It has always seemed as though that this is a strong positive transference, which allows for the effectiveness of the var ious techniques which are described by the authors (p.63). Client Base/Description The typical client base for this type of therapy would be families that are in crisis with communication issues. A description of this therapy method would be a counseling session with a family that is in crisis because of living in secrecy, silence, and distance due to a family member has been molested. Minuchin would refer to this type of family as disengaged because of the isolation and disconnection over the deep rooted issue. He would first explore the interaction of this family by looking at their faulty communication and rigid habits that contributes to their dysfunction. Minuchin would then look at the three levels of transactional patterns within the family. He would then follow up with

Institution Affiliation Entrepreneurship

Question: Discuss about the case study Institution Affiliation for Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction: The technology incubation and developments of entrepreneurs has been the key in the transformation of the industry. It takes quite a long time before a business can really stand on its feet and have substantial revenue annually (Boyer et al , 2012). In terms of selling the appliances most entrepreneurs are turning to online marketing though they maintain their shops. Online marketing being the trending marketing strategy the electronics industry has not been left behind. Sites such as Amazon E-bay play a vital role in ensuring the goods are sold and supplied to their clients. The aim of this paper is to comprehensively address the significant issues facing entrepreneurs in this electronic industry and consequently look at the issue faced by the entrepreneurs. Brief description of Electronic Industry This is the business which involves the creation and designing in addition to producing as well as selling electronic appliances such as radio, computers stereos, television semiconductors integrated circuits and transistors .The sales of electronics grew fremendaisly well in USA more so especially in 2000. The industry has played a major role in the transformation of factories homes, offices and its significant in enlarging the economic sector as well. Consumer electronics are usually the sole distributors of electronic appliances. It is estimated that in 2005 close to $75 billion was spent in purchasing electronics compared to 2004. The consumers have growing needs which the producers addresses adequately in order to ensure that the demand curve is congruent to that of supply. This enables companies such as Apple, Dell, and HP to stay on top of their game. There are also emerging trends such as the growing of 3D home theatre systems as compared to the old ones (Latif, 2014). This m eans that innovations being created by companies such as HP, Dell will be able to remain maintained even for a long period of time. Maintenance of flexibility in the market is important factor that keeps influencing new venture in The paper will also discuss the level of entrepreneurial activity in the sector and finally, the factors which influence the probability of new ventures into the industry. Significantly issues facing entrepreneurs in the sector Apparently technology is the industry of choice for many aspiring entrepreneurs. The industry is broad and at the moment it is the fast- growing fields which is highly attracting investors and venture capitalist .For those who are able to succeed in the industry enjoy an enormous payout. Its alluring so the capability of launching a new technology start-up because it is easy. However there are so many unique risks that are involved and most entrepreneurs fail to consider them. The risks enable one to stay a flout on the competitive business. Below the significant issues (Yang et al, 2012). Constant Change There are so many rapid changes being experienced in the electronic industry. If one is not careful the probability being thrown away as a startup of kilter is definitely high. Most of the business persons in the venture do acknowledge that the pressure to more radically in order to beat the competition is immense. Andrew Van Noy who is the CEO of E-commerce solutions provider once e said, if a company isnt nimble enough or cannot execute an idea, the window of opportunity for your product or service may very well close before is ready to the market. He also insisted that, if you feel you have a solution for the problem addressed yet on the market, dont be fooled. It wont be long before someone else does it too (Business Daily, 2013). Therein, it is imperative that the entrepreneurs in this sector move swiftly so that they are not overlapped (Kamuff, 2012). The inability to achieve your initial goal As noted of technology changes as fast as lightening. Therefore there exists a high probability that one may not be able to complete the initial objective as stated in the startup. The challenge that is associated with this point is that many founders fail to accept the failure and change the direction of business but let the operation to lie there stagnant. Shawn Livermore describes the solution as Zombie States. The founder and the CEO of an outsourcing platform from Ziptauk additionally says the founders do what to give up , and are embarrassed to concede defeat. So they keep the dream alive but never really complete what they originally set out to do. Large companies are not worried if one of their projects never gets Completed but in a startup, not completing something means you leave the door open in your life and thats worse than failing. Decisions on partnering As a new entrepreneurs in the industry making decisions pertaining the possibility of amalgamating with another company. In the same field is the best way to grow however the stakes involved are much higher for tech startups. The operations can easily be ruined thanks to the hitching of the wagons to the passing fads. While choosing a partnering company it is important to have clear policies so that they help you grow up easily (Cao et al 2012). Hiring Every business faces this as a major drawback. To find the right employees for your business is quite a walk on thorns. Nevertheless if one can find talent and allow or rather water it germinates the better. Electronics require talents more than the knowledge of books. Most innovators are referred to as gurus or geeks having special interest (Heap, 2008). Having addressed the fair key issues facing entrepreneurs in the industry the discussion that follow will look at the activities of entrepreneurs in the sector. Through departments such as electronics and information technology, many governments are able to implement the schemes. The main aim of the multi-pronged departments is to help the higher institutions of learning in strengthening the technological incubation center and provide a platform for young entrepreneurs in the sector. He also plays an important role in helping them come up with startup companies for the commercialization and the exploitation of the technological development. Other activities also include annual workshops organized to share ideas on new innovations of electronic appliances. The objectives being the promotional of products in an oriented research and their development. They also encourage the acceleration and the development of the indigenous products and packages. They also conduct activities that will bridge up the gap of advancement and that of commercialization. An additional entrepreneur training is facilitated. There is also a high urge being encouraged to promote high interaction between the industry and that of education. This will play a major role in ensuring that the employees challenges are addressed accordingly. In addition the education is aligned to the demands of the market that keep on growing day in day out (Nersesian, 2008). The entrepreneurs also practice the electronic marketing strategies. They come up with individual or organizational activities that enable them to facilitate in addition to expedite the satisfaction of exchange relationships in a dynamic surrounding. Thus is through the promotion after creation and distribution of the eventual pricing of the goods, ideas as well as the services. Factors influencing the probability of new venture success in the electronic industry There is comprehensive analysis that ascertain the correction and qualitative measures of success in the e-business firms .Computer and office equipment .As days go by the is need for innovation .The main question being is the new business venture a new idea or an improvement of business I dear that has been existing ( Cornelisen, 2013). Another factor influencing the probability of a new venture is the question of value .If there is substantial demand for the product, and then the business should be able to came up with ways to meet and maintain the demand that will help the profit margin The reliance of steering the business because there will be always the demand of new electronic appliances .Therefore the source should be significant enough to meet the high demand most importantly for future generations that will demand more sophisticated appliances thus Need to preserve the scarcity in the economy. Conclusion Conclusively, the electronic business is one venture that one will never go wrong if the steps are taken and maintained overtime. Each day everyone is improving their homes thus many will try to add more electronic goods. From entertainment units to lighting systems that can be sold. Companies are trying to come up with new ideas of how systems can be implemented not only taka a small space but be more powerful than its predecessors. Thus consumers will be on the forefront of providing information on how certain product has to be designed thus making changes on the demand across the market. Recommendation Having mentioned that the entrepreneurs in the business can earn legitimate revenue, if the focus is high, they also need marketing strategy that analyzes the situation in this case where the business is set. They also need to look into their objective and how they would want to achieve the set objectives. Tactics to maneuver the strong waves of competition (Lizmayer, 2013) References Boyer, Kenneth Karel, and RohitVerma.Operations Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. Mason, OH: South-Western, 2010. Cao, M., Zhang, Q.Supply chain collaboration: Roles of inter organizational systems, trust, and collaborative culture. London: Springer, 2013. Cornelissen, J. Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage,2014 .Cousins, P. D., Lawson, B., Squire, B.Supply chain management theory and practice: The emergence of an academic discipline?. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub 2012. Heap, P. C. Globalization and summit reform: An experiment in international governance. New York: Springer,2008. Kamauff, J. W.Managers Guide to Operations Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010Lashinsky, A..Inside Apple: How Americas most admired-and secretive-company really works. New York: Business Plus, 2012. Latif, M., Jaskani, J. H., Ilyas, T., Babar, Z. K., Gulzar, H. Issues faced by Apple Inc in smart phones industry.International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting,4(2), Pages-50,2014. Linzmayer, O. W. Apple Confidential 2.0: The definitive history of the worlds most colorful company. San Francisco, Calif: No Starch Press, 2014. Nersesian, R. L.Trends and tools for operations management: An updated guide for executives and managers. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books, 2008. Yang, Hailan, and Stephen L. Morgan. Business Strategy and Corporate Governance in the Chinese Consumer Electronics Sector. Oxford: Chandos Pub., 2011. Print.

Twins and genetics Essay Example For Students

Twins and genetics Essay Behavioral genetics is a field of research that investigates the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior and ability (Plomin, 1997). Two of the primary methods used by behavioral geneticists are the twin study method, first used by Galton (1975) in his studies of heredity, and the adoption method. In the twin study method, researchers studies identical twins (monozygotic twins) and fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) to determine how much they resemble each other on a variety of characteristics. Identical twins have exactly the same genes because a single sperm cell of the father fertilizers a single egg of the mother, forming a cell that then splits and forms two human beings-carbon copies. But fraternal twins are no more alike genetically than any two siblings born in the same parents. We will write a custom essay on Twins and genetics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the case of fraternal twins, two separate sperm cells fertilize two separate eggs that happen to be released at the same time during ovulation. Twins, who are raised together, whether identical or fraternal, have similar environments. If identical twins raised together are found to be more alike than fraternal twins on a certain trait, then that trait is assumed to be more influenced by heredity. But if identical twins and fraternal twins from similar environments do not differ on a trait, then that trait is assumed to be influenced more by environment. In the adopting method, behavioral geneticists study children adopted shortly after birth. By comparing their abilities and personality traits to those o their adoptive family members with whom they live and those of their biological parents whom they may have met, researchers can disentangle the effect of heredity and environment (Plomin et al. , 1988). Adoptive research has assembled the Minnesota Twin Registry, which in 1998 included over 20,000 twin pairs (Bouchard, 1998). Probably the best way to assess the relative contributions of heredity and environment is to study identical twins that have been separated at birth and raised apart. Although it seems amazing, researchers have found that identical twins that are brought up in the same family are no more alike as adults that are identical twins who are reared apart. When separated twins are found to have strikingly similar traits, it is assumed that heredity has been a major contributor to those traits heredity, and the adoption method. One of the most extensive investigation of twins raised in separate homes is the Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart, which over the past 20 years has studied hundreds of twin pairs who were separated early in life (Bouchard, 1994; Finkel et al. , 1995). This study, like others of its kind, has consistently found such striking psychological and behavioral similarities between monozygotic twins that the important role of genes in personality development can no longer be denied. Typical is the case of Oskar Stohr and Jack Yufe, identical twins born of a Jewish father and Christian mother in Trinidad in the 1930s. Soon after their birth, Oskar was taken to Nazi Germany by his mother to be raised as a Catholic in a household consisting mostly of women. Jack was raised as a Jew by his father, spending his childhood in the Caribbean and some of his adolescence in Israel. On the face of it, it would be difficult to imagine two more disparate cultural backgrounds. And when the twins were reunited in middle age, they certainly had their differences. Oskar was married and a devoted union member; Jack was divorced and the owner of a store in southern California. But when the brothers met for the first time in Minnesota, Similarities started cropping up as soon as Oskar arrived at the airport. Both were wearing wire-rimmed glasses and mustaches, both sported two-pocket shirts with epaulet. They share idiosyncrasies galore: they like spicy foods and sweet liqueurs, are absentminded, have a habit of falling asleep in front of the television, think its funny to sneeze in a crowd of strangers, flush the toilet before using it, store rubber bands on their wrists, read magazines from back to front, dip buttered toast in their coffee. Oskar is domineering toward women and yells at his wife, which Jack did before he was separated. .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .postImageUrl , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:hover , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:visited , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:active { border:0!important; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:active , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frankenstein A model of English Romanticism Essay Holden, 1980 Their scores on several psychological tests were very .

AI in cyber Defense Essays

AI in cyber Defense Essays AI in cyber Defense Essay AI in cyber Defense Essay The speed of procedures and the amount of data to be used in defending the cyber space cannot be controlled by humans without significant automation. On the other hand, It is hard to develop software with conservative fixed algorithms (hard-wired logic on decision making level) for efficiently defending In opposition to the vigorously evolving attacks in networks. The applications of artificial intelligence an be used to handle this situation that offers flexibility and learning potential to software. A brief review of artificial intelligence applications in cyber defense, and analysis of prospects of enhancing the cyber defense capabilities by increasing the intelligence of the defense systems have been presented in this paper. After surveying the papers available about artificial Intelligence applications In cyber defense, we conclude that useful applications are already present. They belong to applications of artificial neural nets in perimeter defense and some other cyber defense fields. So it has become clear that only AY techniques can guarantee successful solutions to many cyber defense problems. For instance, use of extensive knowledge Is essential In decision making, and Intelligent decision support Is so far one of unanswered problems in cyber defense. 1. INTRODUCTION: 1 . 1. Background of Study. 1. 1. 1 . Limitations in cyber security that are need to be addressed. Cyber security Is a multidisciplinary field that Is targeted on reduction of risks to the secrecy, affinity and integrity of data, information and resources in computer as well as in network systems. Modern systems have become much complex. Need for an intelligent, adaptive and multimode solution raises here for which best suited approach is artificial intelligence. [l]. There was not apparently strong collaboration between cyber security and artificial intelligence in early days. Researchers of AY were paying attention In making computers do things that only humans had been able to do, while security researchers Intended to fix the leaks In examining the computing communications or design communications they consider leak proof. Further, AY researchers were often most interested in building systems with behaviors that could hangs over time through knowledge or adaptation, and hence were to some degree unpredictable. From the security point of view, volatile system behavior seemed unwanted. But the two fields have developed closer over the years, mainly where human users but also at lower system layers. [2] 1. 1. 2. Why has the role of intelligent software in cyber operations augmented so rapidly? Looking closer at the cyber space, one can see the following answer. Artificial intelligence is required, first of all, for swift response to various scenarios in Internet. One has to be able to handle large annuity of information very fast in order to portray and investigate events that take place in cyber space and to make essential assessments. The speed of processes and the amount of data to be used cannot be controlled by humans without significant automation but, it is hard to develop software with conservative fixed algorithms (hard-wired logic on decision making level) for efficiently protecting against the assault in cyber space, because new deterioration become visible continuously. Here is a place for artificial intelligence methods. [3] 1. 2. PROBLEM DEFINITION: Do some artificial intelligence techniques exist to improve certain aspects of cyber security? 1. 2. 1 . Remarks concerning the problem definition. The aim of the thesis is to determine whether the possibilities in artificial intelligence can effectively address some of the limitations in todays cyber security. Figure : Cyber Attack. 2. ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: AY as an area of research is very old. It is equally old to electronic computers. There is possibility of building devices more intelligent than human beings from the early days of AY on the realm. The time realm moves away when time passes. A number of intelligently hard problems have been witnessed to be solved by computers like playing good chess. Chess playing was deemed a benchmark showing a real intelligence during the initial days of computer. Even in seventies of the last century, when the computer chess has reached on the masters level, it appeared almost impossible to make a program that could smack the world champion. However, this came about faster than estimated. Three reasons are important to mention here for success of chess computer: computing power has been increased, efficient search algorithms have been developed (that can be used in many applications beside chess, see the section on search below), and knowledge bases has been organized so well that they became able to include all available chess knowledge(first of all, opening and end games). In core, the chess problem could be solved because it was a specific intellectual problem which was related to professed narrow artificial intelligence. A special instance is translating from one language into another that Chamoiss work in structural linguistics, it was expected that the natural language translation problem will be solved soon. It has not happened yet, although success is evident in some specific applications like, for example, Googles AY linguistics. The reason is that this demand of artificial general intelligence possessing of an aptitude to handle large quantity of information in every field associated to human actions. It is usually acknowledged that AY can be considered in two manners: as a science intended at attempting to determine the fundamental nature of intelligence and emerging generally intelligent machines, or as a science providing ways for solving complex problems that cannot be solved without applying some intelligence eke, for example, playing good chess or making right decisions based on large amounts of data. [3]Len the present paper we will take the second approach, supporter for applying specific AY methods to cyber defense problems, and will refer to the existing AY algorithms described in [4]. . CHALLENGES IN INTELLIGENT CYBER DEFENSE: If we talk about the future research in development and applications of artificial intelligence techniques in cyber defense, we need to make a distinction between immediate objectives and long-term goals. Numbers of AY techniques are immediately applicable in cyber defense and a lot of problems are yet need to be dressed. We have talked about alre ady present immediate applications. One can expect encouraging perspectives of completely new principles of knowledge handling in situation management and decision making process. Proposed principles are introduction of a modular and hierarchical knowledge architecture. Expert systems are already being used in many applications, sometimes hidden inside an application, like in the security measures planning software. Still, expert systems can get wider application areas, if large knowledge bases will be developed. This will need substantial investment in knowledge achievement, and development of large dollar knowledge bases. Also further development of the expert system technology will be required: modularity must be introduced in the expert system tools, and hierarchical knowledge bases must be used. A futurist Ray Kurt well has extrapolated the development to come up with Singularity in 2045 [5]. One need not to believe in the Singularity threat, but the rapid development of information technology will definitely enable one to build considerably better intelligence into software in coming years. (Consider the recent impressive performance of IBM-s Watson program)[6]. Elementally of whether the GAG is available or Singularity moms, it is critical to have the ability to use better AY in cyber defense than the offenders have it. 4. PRESENT WORK OF AY IN CYBER DEFENSE: There are numerous useful applications available in the field of AY application cyber defense. They all belong to application of artificial neural nets in perimeter defense, and they are helping in solving many cyber defense problems. Wide knowledge usage is necessary in decision making, and the intelligent decision support is still to problem, which required human interference. We have grouped all AY methods and architectures in several categories like neural nets, expert system, intelligent agents, reach and machine learning. 4. 1 . Neural NetsNeural nets have long history that begins with the invention of perception by Frank Reasonable in 1957. Perception is an artificial neuron, and popular element of neural nets. Small number of perceptions combined together can learn and solve interesting problem. Neural nets consist of a large number of artificial neuron, which provides a functionality of parallel learning and decision making. They are suitable for learning pattern recognition, for classification, for selection of response to attack etc. They can be implemented either in hardware or in footwear. Neural nets are well applicable in intrusion detection and intrusion prevention. There have been proposals to use them in DOS detection, computer worm detection, spam, detection, zombie detection, mallard classification and in forensic investigations. The neural nets in cyber defense are popular because of their high speed, if implemented in hardware or used in graphic processors. There are new developments in the neural nets technology like third generation neural nets, spiking neural network that mimic biological neurons more realistically, and provide more application opportunities. Figure : Intrusion Alarm System. . 2. Expert Systemsalt is most widely used AY tools. It can be directly used for decision support, in cyberspace. An expert system includes a knowledge base where expert knowledge about a specific application domain is stored, it also includes an inference engine for deriving answers based on this knowledge and possibly additional knowledge about a situation. Empty know ledge base and inference engine are together called expert system. Developing an expert system means first selection of an expert system shell and second acquiring expert knowledge and filling the knowledge base with knowledge. There are many different knowledge representation forms in expert system, the most common is rule based representation. But the usefulness of expert system depends mainly on the quality of knowledge in the expert system depends mainly on the quality of knowledge in the expert system knowledge base. Example of cyber defense expert system is one for security planning. This expert system facilitates considerably selection of security measure, and provides guidance for optimal usage of limited resources. 4. 3. Intelligent agentslengthier agents are software components that process some torture of intelligent behavior that makes them special like protectiveness, understanding of an agent communication language (CAL), reactivity etc. They possess planning ability, mobility and reflection ability. Intelligent agents can consisting of mobile intelligent agents after solving some legal and also commercial problems. This will require implementation of infrastructure for supporting the cyber agent mobility and communication. This will require cooperation with Sips. 4. 4. SearchSearch is a universal method of problem solving that can be applied in all cases. Very little must be known in order to apply some general search algorithm n the formal setting of the search problem, one has to able generate candidates of solution, and a procedure must be available for deciding. The search is hidden in the software and it is not visible as an AY application. Search on and or trees, up-search, maxima search and stochastic search are useful in decision making for cyber defense. 4. 5. LearningLearning is improving a knowledge system by extending or rearranging its knowledge base or by improving the inference engine. Machine learning comprises computational methods for acquiring new knowledge, new skill and new ways to organize existing knowledge. Problem of learning fluctuates with respect to the complex from simple parametric learning which means learning values of some parameters, to complicated forms of symbolic learning, for example learning of concept, grammars, functions and learning of behavior. AY provides methods for both supervised learning as well as unsupervised learning. Data mining has originally grown out of unsupervised learning in AY. Unsupervised learning can be a functionality of neural nets, in particular of self organizing maps. Parallel learning algorithms are suitable for execution on parallel hardware. These learning methods re represented by genetic algorithms and neural nets. 4. 6. Video and CATV semantic analysis for terrorist or criminal action detectionA new generation of intelligent CATV cameras that can hear as well as see will alert police to crimes in progress by recognizing clues such as a person running or the sound of a scream. Researchers hope the smart cameras will have a dramatic impact on crime detection and prevention by cutting response times and ensuring that more incidents are caught on tape. The Daily Telegraphs Gordon Earner reports that a team at the University of Portsmouth has already developed software which enables Amerada to spot visual clues to anything from violent crime to vandalism, by looking for tell-tale signs such as someone raising their arm suddenly or even a snapped car aerial. This artificial intelligence software is now being taught to recognize sounds associated with crimes, including breaking glass, shouted obscenities, and car alarms going off. Cameras which hear the sounds will automatically swivel to the direction they have come from, and will alert the person monitoring the system to a possible crime progress. [7]. 5. ANALYTICAL CONCLUSION: The present situation of hastily growing intelligence of mallard and erudition of Weber attacks advocates that it is obvious to develop intelligent cyber defense methods. The incident of Dodos(Denial-of-service attack) alleviation has revealed that even a defense against large-scale attacks can be successful with relatively limited resources with usage of intelligent methods. An analysis of publications illustrates research in artificial neural nets. Applications of neural nets will continue in cyber defense. There is also an vital need for application of intelligent cyber defense systems in numerous fields where neural nets are not the most appropriate technology. These fields include decision support, situation awareness and knowledge management. Expert system technology is the most promising in this context. We are not sure about how rapid development of general artificial intelligence is ahead, but a threat exists that a new level of artificial intelligence may be used by the invaders, as soon as it becomes accessible. Clearly, the latest developments in knowledge understanding, representation and handling also in machine learning will significantly boost the cyber defense competence of systems that will utilize them.

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