AI in cyber Defense Essays

AI in cyber Defense Essays AI in cyber Defense Essay AI in cyber Defense Essay The speed of procedures and the amount of data to be used in defending the cyber space cannot be controlled by humans without significant automation. On the other hand, It is hard to develop software with conservative fixed algorithms (hard-wired logic on decision making level) for efficiently defending In opposition to the vigorously evolving attacks in networks. The applications of artificial intelligence an be used to handle this situation that offers flexibility and learning potential to software. A brief review of artificial intelligence applications in cyber defense, and analysis of prospects of enhancing the cyber defense capabilities by increasing the intelligence of the defense systems have been presented in this paper. After surveying the papers available about artificial Intelligence applications In cyber defense, we conclude that useful applications are already present. They belong to applications of artificial neural nets in perimeter defense and some other cyber defense fields. So it has become clear that only AY techniques can guarantee successful solutions to many cyber defense problems. For instance, use of extensive knowledge Is essential In decision making, and Intelligent decision support Is so far one of unanswered problems in cyber defense. 1. INTRODUCTION: 1 . 1. Background of Study. 1. 1. 1 . Limitations in cyber security that are need to be addressed. Cyber security Is a multidisciplinary field that Is targeted on reduction of risks to the secrecy, affinity and integrity of data, information and resources in computer as well as in network systems. Modern systems have become much complex. Need for an intelligent, adaptive and multimode solution raises here for which best suited approach is artificial intelligence. [l]. There was not apparently strong collaboration between cyber security and artificial intelligence in early days. Researchers of AY were paying attention In making computers do things that only humans had been able to do, while security researchers Intended to fix the leaks In examining the computing communications or design communications they consider leak proof. Further, AY researchers were often most interested in building systems with behaviors that could hangs over time through knowledge or adaptation, and hence were to some degree unpredictable. From the security point of view, volatile system behavior seemed unwanted. But the two fields have developed closer over the years, mainly where human users but also at lower system layers. [2] 1. 1. 2. Why has the role of intelligent software in cyber operations augmented so rapidly? Looking closer at the cyber space, one can see the following answer. Artificial intelligence is required, first of all, for swift response to various scenarios in Internet. One has to be able to handle large annuity of information very fast in order to portray and investigate events that take place in cyber space and to make essential assessments. The speed of processes and the amount of data to be used cannot be controlled by humans without significant automation but, it is hard to develop software with conservative fixed algorithms (hard-wired logic on decision making level) for efficiently protecting against the assault in cyber space, because new deterioration become visible continuously. Here is a place for artificial intelligence methods. [3] 1. 2. PROBLEM DEFINITION: Do some artificial intelligence techniques exist to improve certain aspects of cyber security? 1. 2. 1 . Remarks concerning the problem definition. The aim of the thesis is to determine whether the possibilities in artificial intelligence can effectively address some of the limitations in todays cyber security. Figure : Cyber Attack. 2. ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: AY as an area of research is very old. It is equally old to electronic computers. There is possibility of building devices more intelligent than human beings from the early days of AY on the realm. The time realm moves away when time passes. A number of intelligently hard problems have been witnessed to be solved by computers like playing good chess. Chess playing was deemed a benchmark showing a real intelligence during the initial days of computer. Even in seventies of the last century, when the computer chess has reached on the masters level, it appeared almost impossible to make a program that could smack the world champion. However, this came about faster than estimated. Three reasons are important to mention here for success of chess computer: computing power has been increased, efficient search algorithms have been developed (that can be used in many applications beside chess, see the section on search below), and knowledge bases has been organized so well that they became able to include all available chess knowledge(first of all, opening and end games). In core, the chess problem could be solved because it was a specific intellectual problem which was related to professed narrow artificial intelligence. A special instance is translating from one language into another that Chamoiss work in structural linguistics, it was expected that the natural language translation problem will be solved soon. It has not happened yet, although success is evident in some specific applications like, for example, Googles AY linguistics. The reason is that this demand of artificial general intelligence possessing of an aptitude to handle large quantity of information in every field associated to human actions. It is usually acknowledged that AY can be considered in two manners: as a science intended at attempting to determine the fundamental nature of intelligence and emerging generally intelligent machines, or as a science providing ways for solving complex problems that cannot be solved without applying some intelligence eke, for example, playing good chess or making right decisions based on large amounts of data. [3]Len the present paper we will take the second approach, supporter for applying specific AY methods to cyber defense problems, and will refer to the existing AY algorithms described in [4]. . CHALLENGES IN INTELLIGENT CYBER DEFENSE: If we talk about the future research in development and applications of artificial intelligence techniques in cyber defense, we need to make a distinction between immediate objectives and long-term goals. Numbers of AY techniques are immediately applicable in cyber defense and a lot of problems are yet need to be dressed. We have talked about alre ady present immediate applications. One can expect encouraging perspectives of completely new principles of knowledge handling in situation management and decision making process. Proposed principles are introduction of a modular and hierarchical knowledge architecture. Expert systems are already being used in many applications, sometimes hidden inside an application, like in the security measures planning software. Still, expert systems can get wider application areas, if large knowledge bases will be developed. This will need substantial investment in knowledge achievement, and development of large dollar knowledge bases. Also further development of the expert system technology will be required: modularity must be introduced in the expert system tools, and hierarchical knowledge bases must be used. A futurist Ray Kurt well has extrapolated the development to come up with Singularity in 2045 [5]. One need not to believe in the Singularity threat, but the rapid development of information technology will definitely enable one to build considerably better intelligence into software in coming years. (Consider the recent impressive performance of IBM-s Watson program)[6]. Elementally of whether the GAG is available or Singularity moms, it is critical to have the ability to use better AY in cyber defense than the offenders have it. 4. PRESENT WORK OF AY IN CYBER DEFENSE: There are numerous useful applications available in the field of AY application cyber defense. They all belong to application of artificial neural nets in perimeter defense, and they are helping in solving many cyber defense problems. Wide knowledge usage is necessary in decision making, and the intelligent decision support is still to problem, which required human interference. We have grouped all AY methods and architectures in several categories like neural nets, expert system, intelligent agents, reach and machine learning. 4. 1 . Neural NetsNeural nets have long history that begins with the invention of perception by Frank Reasonable in 1957. Perception is an artificial neuron, and popular element of neural nets. Small number of perceptions combined together can learn and solve interesting problem. Neural nets consist of a large number of artificial neuron, which provides a functionality of parallel learning and decision making. They are suitable for learning pattern recognition, for classification, for selection of response to attack etc. They can be implemented either in hardware or in footwear. Neural nets are well applicable in intrusion detection and intrusion prevention. There have been proposals to use them in DOS detection, computer worm detection, spam, detection, zombie detection, mallard classification and in forensic investigations. The neural nets in cyber defense are popular because of their high speed, if implemented in hardware or used in graphic processors. There are new developments in the neural nets technology like third generation neural nets, spiking neural network that mimic biological neurons more realistically, and provide more application opportunities. Figure : Intrusion Alarm System. . 2. Expert Systemsalt is most widely used AY tools. It can be directly used for decision support, in cyberspace. An expert system includes a knowledge base where expert knowledge about a specific application domain is stored, it also includes an inference engine for deriving answers based on this knowledge and possibly additional knowledge about a situation. Empty know ledge base and inference engine are together called expert system. Developing an expert system means first selection of an expert system shell and second acquiring expert knowledge and filling the knowledge base with knowledge. There are many different knowledge representation forms in expert system, the most common is rule based representation. But the usefulness of expert system depends mainly on the quality of knowledge in the expert system depends mainly on the quality of knowledge in the expert system knowledge base. Example of cyber defense expert system is one for security planning. This expert system facilitates considerably selection of security measure, and provides guidance for optimal usage of limited resources. 4. 3. Intelligent agentslengthier agents are software components that process some torture of intelligent behavior that makes them special like protectiveness, understanding of an agent communication language (CAL), reactivity etc. They possess planning ability, mobility and reflection ability. Intelligent agents can consisting of mobile intelligent agents after solving some legal and also commercial problems. This will require implementation of infrastructure for supporting the cyber agent mobility and communication. This will require cooperation with Sips. 4. 4. SearchSearch is a universal method of problem solving that can be applied in all cases. Very little must be known in order to apply some general search algorithm n the formal setting of the search problem, one has to able generate candidates of solution, and a procedure must be available for deciding. The search is hidden in the software and it is not visible as an AY application. Search on and or trees, up-search, maxima search and stochastic search are useful in decision making for cyber defense. 4. 5. LearningLearning is improving a knowledge system by extending or rearranging its knowledge base or by improving the inference engine. Machine learning comprises computational methods for acquiring new knowledge, new skill and new ways to organize existing knowledge. Problem of learning fluctuates with respect to the complex from simple parametric learning which means learning values of some parameters, to complicated forms of symbolic learning, for example learning of concept, grammars, functions and learning of behavior. AY provides methods for both supervised learning as well as unsupervised learning. Data mining has originally grown out of unsupervised learning in AY. Unsupervised learning can be a functionality of neural nets, in particular of self organizing maps. Parallel learning algorithms are suitable for execution on parallel hardware. These learning methods re represented by genetic algorithms and neural nets. 4. 6. Video and CATV semantic analysis for terrorist or criminal action detectionA new generation of intelligent CATV cameras that can hear as well as see will alert police to crimes in progress by recognizing clues such as a person running or the sound of a scream. Researchers hope the smart cameras will have a dramatic impact on crime detection and prevention by cutting response times and ensuring that more incidents are caught on tape. The Daily Telegraphs Gordon Earner reports that a team at the University of Portsmouth has already developed software which enables Amerada to spot visual clues to anything from violent crime to vandalism, by looking for tell-tale signs such as someone raising their arm suddenly or even a snapped car aerial. This artificial intelligence software is now being taught to recognize sounds associated with crimes, including breaking glass, shouted obscenities, and car alarms going off. Cameras which hear the sounds will automatically swivel to the direction they have come from, and will alert the person monitoring the system to a possible crime progress. [7]. 5. ANALYTICAL CONCLUSION: The present situation of hastily growing intelligence of mallard and erudition of Weber attacks advocates that it is obvious to develop intelligent cyber defense methods. The incident of Dodos(Denial-of-service attack) alleviation has revealed that even a defense against large-scale attacks can be successful with relatively limited resources with usage of intelligent methods. An analysis of publications illustrates research in artificial neural nets. Applications of neural nets will continue in cyber defense. There is also an vital need for application of intelligent cyber defense systems in numerous fields where neural nets are not the most appropriate technology. These fields include decision support, situation awareness and knowledge management. Expert system technology is the most promising in this context. We are not sure about how rapid development of general artificial intelligence is ahead, but a threat exists that a new level of artificial intelligence may be used by the invaders, as soon as it becomes accessible. Clearly, the latest developments in knowledge understanding, representation and handling also in machine learning will significantly boost the cyber defense competence of systems that will utilize them.

The Awful Truth about Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Awful Truth about Archaeology - Essay Example The author explains that as we see in media, there is no bad guy who turns up to halt the work of archeology. The author claims that the real archeology world is way different from â€Å"The Tomb Raider†, â€Å"Indiana Jones, and â€Å"The Curse of the Mummy†. She explains that contrary to people believe she have not come across any curse, golden idol, serpents, and scorpions or lightening. She says if someone hand over her a map with clues as we see in movies then there would be lot of unpleasantness with campus police and also she have to spend lot of time to get permission to land in that exotic country. They will have to search for months for the site and also credible amount of time in searching debris and soil layers. She explains that real archeology requires lot of inspection of the earth, stones and artifacts. She suggest that most of the archeologist carries a copy of the Calvin and Hobbs cartoon in their office which shows that archeology is one of the most mind numbing jobs in the world. Author says that it involves lot of paper work and handling of delicate instrument. Sebastian reveals that when one work in extreme weather condition with sand blowing on their face and working with delicate instruments on a vulnerable site then they most often question their career choice. But she claims that archeology is exciting because it connects people with past in an interesting way. It is immediate and personal experience. She shares the experience of excavation in Arizona where they found a pit house with human hand prints that were date to AD 805. She writes that sharing these with the children of today was a matter of excitement and connecting with their ancestors. She exclaims that if Lara Croft was there instead, then she would have destroyed the pit house and smashed the handprints in the search for goodies. She suggests that Lara might have missed all the traces that they have found like the pottery,

Writing to Convince Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing to Convince - Essay Example The state of Oklahoma is no exception to protecting its pivotal civilians and, therefore, presents provisions to protect the societal individuals. Once the society selects the few who should be contained and restrictions offered, individuals might relate better to their normal routine. However, Oklahoma has witnessed a high number of inmates in prisons with the crime rate increasing and the law providing fewer alternative rehabilitation measures for less crime offenders. Among this number are women whose number is increasing in the prisons leaving a void in their homes, with the majority of children growing up without the motherly care. The number of inmates has surpassed the state’s budget on the initial expectation of the figure that are in the prisons. There is an alarming rate of sex offenders with elevating crime against children and corruption in businesses. This paper argues on the need to reduce the number of inmates in Oklahoma prisons and the impact of this problem o n individuals and society. The number of individuals increasing in these prisons means that there is a substantial increase in the crimes committed to the Oklahoma community. The law has recognized serious crimes to be against children and in embezzlement of finance in organizations. This has led to a witnessed an increase in the number of women in prisons escalating to protect the victims. There are non-violent offenders and those that are most dangerous who are included in this program. The lack of a proper system to rehabilitate the non-violent offenders and the parole system flaws has led to the integration of the entire criminals within the limited spaces. Oklahoma is mentioned as the only state with the provision that the governor should sign every parole program before the prisoner is inducted. The number of inmates increasing ion the prisons has an implication of unhealthy living within the confines leading to violence elevating in

Culturally diverse entity Essay Example for Free

Culturally diverse entity Essay Listing down the sources of my cultural programming sure opened up my eyes to the realities that I am facing. As a person who is growing up and trying to come to terms with my identity as it interacts with the world, it is amazing to know that there are a lot of sources of my cultural programming. Although I consider my family as one of the main sources of my understanding of my own world, I realize that I am also bringing in cultural diversity to my family. As a part of the new generation of people in the world, we are different from our parents and much more from our grandparents. As such, through the technology I use and the ideas that I come across with, I am becoming more diverse in terms of culture. There are times that several sources of my cultural programming come into conflict. I can think of several ones. The church and the morality and faith it is teaching sometimes come into conflict with the kinds of movies and TV shows I watch. Quite honestly, there are times that I feel that church stuff is boring but when I also realize the wars, the way that people tend to forget courtesy and the sense of right and wrong, I feel that the church still has something to offer. Another source of conflict is perhaps the way that my family expects me to behave in a certain way and the way in which my friends treat each other and the way that media such as television shows and movies portray the life of a teenager. There are times that I get confused with the expectations of my parents and the way that I want to live. But I know that I have to respect them and listen to them. Culture is very broad and I think that as young people of today, we are exposed to more shapers of culture than did our parents and grandparents. That is why there are conflicts in these cultures as they are developed in me.

Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War Essay example -- Ending the

The cold war was a post-World War II struggle between the United States and its allies and the group of nations led by the Soviet Union. Direct military conflict did not occur between the two superpowers, but intense economic and diplomatic struggles erupted. Different interests led to mutual suspicion and hostility in a rising philosophy. The United States played a major role in the ending of the cold war. It has been said that President Ronald Reagan ended the cold war with his strategic defense policies. In the year1949, Germany was divided by the victors of World War II and they occupied different zones. The western regions united to form a Federal republic and the Soviet eastern region became communist East Germany. The cold war had begun. Berlin, the former capital of Germany was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin but was located deep inside the soviet controlled zone.1 Then, in 1961, the Soviet government built a wall which separated the two halves of the city. It was not until the 1980s that cold war tensions eased through the glasnost (openness to public debate) polices of soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Finally, in November 1989, the wall crumbled under the hands of the Germans and the cold war ended.2 The downfall of the cold war started when Ronald Reagan came into office in 1981. Reagan had two main priorities. He wanted to cut taxes and increase defense spending. He felt that the United States of America should take a confrontational approach towards Russia.3 Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of Russia in 1985. He wanted to improve the Russian economy. He also wanted to improve relations with the United States. He used his glasnost (openness to public debate) policy and perestroika (restructuring) to help the Russian economy.4 Both leaders wanted a "margin of safety". Reagan took a tough stand against Russia and it's allies. The soviets could clearly see that when Reagan said he wanted a "margin of safety", he meant that the United States should be superior to Russia. Moscow would not let this happen. They wanted equality.5 Reagan also believed that military power and respect for America abroad were inseparable from economic strength. However, Reagan's defense policy resulted in the doubling of the debt of the United States. He used the money for new strategic ... ... References 1 Walter Lippman, The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1947) 48-52. 2 Charles S. Maier, ed., The Cold War in Europe: Era of a divided Continent (New York: Markus Wiener Publishing, Inc., 1991) 27. 3 Ralph B. Levering, The Cold War (Illinois: Harlan Davidson, INC.,1988) 169. 4 Levering, 169 5 Levering, 169 6 John Young, Cold War Europe 1945-1989 (New York: Edward Allen, 1991) 26. 7 Levering, 171-2 8 Levering 173 9 "The End of the Cold War" http://usa.coldwar.server.gov/index/coldwar/ 2 Feb. 1997 10 http://usa.coldwar.server.gov/index/coldwar/ 11 Young, 28 12 Young, 28 13 Tom Morganthou, "Reagan's cold war 'sting'?", Newsweek 32 August 1993: 32 14 Levering, 180 15"Ending the Cold War", Foreign Affairs Spring 1988: 24-25 16 Young, 28 17 Young, 29 18 Young, 29 19 Levering, 187-188 20 "Ending the Cold War", 27 21 "Ending the Cold War", 28 22 Brinkley, Alan An Uneasy Peace 1988-, Vol. 10 of 20th Century America, 10 vols. (New York: Grolier 1995):22 23 Brinkley, 30 24 "George Bush addresses Europe" http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/burke/ 13 March 1997.

Brief History of Shaheed Udham Singh Essay

Udham Singh, a revolutionary nationalist, was born Sher Singh on 26 December 1899, at Sunam, in the then princely state of Patiala. His father, Tahal Singh, was at that time working as a watchman on a railway crossing in the neighbouring village of Upall. Sher Singh lost his parents before he was seven years and was admitted along with his brother Mukta Singh to the Central Khalsa Orphanage at Amritsar on 24 October 1907. As both brothers were administered the Sikh initiatory rites at the Orphanage, they received new names, Sher Singh becoming Udham Singh and Mukta Singh Sadhu Singh. In 1917, Udham Singh’s brother also died, leaving him alone in the world. Udham Singh left the Orphanage after passing the matriculation examination in 1918. He was present in the Jallianvala Bag on the fateful Baisakhi day, 13 April 1919, when a peaceful assembly of people was fired upon by General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, killing over one thousand people. The event which Udham Singh used to recall with anger and sorrow, turned him to the path of revolution. Soon after, he left India and went to the United States of America. He felt thrilled to learn about the militant activities of the Babar Akalis in the early 1920’s, and returned home. He had secretly brought with him some revolvers and was arrested by the police in Amritsar, and sentenced to four years imprisonment under the Arms Act. On release in 1931, he returned to his native Sunam, but harassed by the local police, he once again returned to Amritsar and opened a shop as a signboard painter, assuming the name of Ram Muhammad Singh Azad. This name, which he was to use later in England, wa s adopted to emphasize the unity of all the religious communities in India in their struggle for political freedom. Udham Singh was deeply influenced by the activities of Bhagat Singh and his revolutionary group. In 1935, when he was on a visit to Kashmlr, he was found carrying Bhagat Singh’s portrait. He invariably referred to him as his guru. He loved to sing political songs, and was very fond of Ram Prasad Bismal, who was the leading poet of the revolutionaries. After staying for some months in Kashmlr, Udham Singh left India. He wandered about the  continent for some time, and reached England by the mid-thirties. He was on the lookout for an opportunity to avenge the Jalliavala Bagh tragedy. The long-waited moment at last came on 13 March 1940. On that day, at 4.30 p.m. in the Caxton Hall, London, where a meeting of the East India Association was being held in conjunction with the Royal Central Asian Society, Udham Singh fired five to six shots from his pistol at Sir Michael O’Dwyer, who was governor of the Punjab when the Amritsar massacre had taken place. O’Dwyer was h it twice and fell to the ground dead and Lord Zetland, the Secretary of State for India, who was presiding over the meeting was injured. Udham Singh was overpowered with a smoking revolver. He in fact made no attempt to escape and continued saying that he had done his duty by his country. On 1 April 1940, Udham Singh was formally charged with the murder of Sir Michael O’Dwyer. On 4 June 1940, he was committed to trial, at the Central Criminal Court, Old Bailey, before Justice Atkinson, who sentenced him to death. An appeal was filed on his behalf which was dismissed on 15 July 1940. On 31 July 1940, Udham Singh was hanged in Pentonville Prison in London. Udham Singh was essentially a man of action and save his statement before the judge at his trial, there was no writing from his pen available to historians. Recently, letters written by him to Shiv Singh Jauhal during his days in prison after the shooting of Sir Michael O’Dwyer have been discovered and published. These letters show him as a man of great courage, with a sense of humour. He called himself a guest of His Majesty King George, and he looked upon death as a bride he was going to wed. By remaining cheerful to the last and going joyfully to the gallows, he followed the example of Bhagat Singh who had been his beau ideal. During the trial, Udham Singh had made a request that his ashes be sent back to his country, but this was not allowed. In 1975, however, the Government of India, at the instance of the Punjab Government, finally succeeded in bringing his ashes home. Lakhs of people gathered on the occasion to pay homage to his memory.

Brown Bess Musket in the American Revolution

The Land Pattern Musket, better known as the Brown Bess was the standard infantry weapon of the British Army for over 100 years until being replaced in the mid-19th century. A flintlock musket, the Brown Bess saw service wherever British forces marched. As a result, the weapon took part in conflicts in nearly every corner of the globe. Though phased out of frontline usage with the arrival of percussion cap and rifled weapons, it remained in the ranks of some armies into the latter part of the 19th century and saw limited use in conflicts as late as the American Civil War (1861-1865) and Anglo-Zulu War (1879). Origin Though firearms had become the predominant weapon on the battlefield by the 18th century, there was little standardization in their design and manufacture. This led to increased difficulties in supplying ammunition and parts for their repair. In an effort to solve these problems, the British Army introduced the Land Pattern Musket in 1722. A flintlock, smoothbore musket, the weapon was produced in large quantities for over a century. In addition, the musket was fitted a socket allowing a bayonet to be fitted to the muzzle so that the weapon could be used as a pike in close fighting or defeating cavalry charges. Brown Bess Within fifty years of the Land Patterns introduction, it had earned the nickname Brown Bess. While the term was never used officially, it became the overarching name for the Land Pattern series of muskets. The origins of the name are unclear, however some suggest that it may be derived from the German term for strong gun (braun buss). As the weapon was commissioned during the reign of King George I, a native German, this theory is plausible. Regardless of its origins, the term was in colloquial use by the 1770s-1780s, with to hug a Brown Bess referring to those who served as soldiers. Designs The length of the Land Pattern muskets changed as the design evolved. As time passed, the weapons became increasingly shorter with the Long Land Pattern (1722) measuring 62 inches long, while the Sea Service Pattern (1778) and Short Land Pattern (1768) variations were 53.5 and 58.5 inches respectively. The most popular version of the weapon, the East India Pattern, stood 39 inches. Firing a .75 caliber ball, the Brown Bess barrel and lockwork were made of iron, while the butt plate, trigger guard, and ramrod pipe were constructed of brass. The weapon weighed approximately 10 pounds and was fitted for a 17-inch bayonet. Fast Facts - Brown Bess Musket Wars Used (Selected): War of the Austrian Succession, Jacobite Rising of 1745 Seven Years War, American Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, Mexican-American WarYears Produced: 1722-1860sLength: 53.5 to 62.5 inchesBarrel Length: 37 to 46 inchesWeight: 9 to 10.5 poundsAction: FlintlockRate of Fire: Varied by user, typically 3 to 4 rounds per minuteEffective Range: 50-100 yardsMaximum Range: approx. 300 yards Firing The effective range of the Land Pattern muskets tended to be around 100 yards, though combat tended to occur with masses of troops firing at 50 yards. Due to its lack of sights, smoothbore, and usually undersized ammunition, the weapon was not particularly accurate. Due to this, the preferred tactic for this weapon were massed volleys followed by bayonet charges. British troops using the Land Pattern muskets were expected to be able to fire four rounds per minute, though two to three was more typical. Reloading Procedure Bite the cartridge.Push the frizzen forward to open the pan and pour a small amount of powder into the flash pan.Snap the frizzen back to position covering the flash pan.Hold the musket vertically so that the muzzle is up.Pour the remaining powder down the barrel.Insert the bullet in the barrel.Push the cartridge paper into the barrelRemove ramrod from pipe under the barrel and use to push wadding and bullet down the barrel.Replace the ramrod.Raise musket to firing position with the butt against the shoulder.Pull back the hammer.Aim and fire. Usage Introduced in 1722, the Land Pattern muskets became the longest-used firearms in British history. Evolving over its service life, the Land Pattern was the primary weapon used by British troops during the Seven Years War, American Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars. In addition, it saw extensive service with the Royal Navy and Marines, as well as with auxiliary forces such as the British East India Company. Its principal contemporaries were the French .69 caliber Charleville musket and the American 1795 Springfield. In the early 19th-century, many Land Pattern muskets were converted from flintlocks to percussion caps. This change in ignition systems made the weapons more reliable and less apt to fail. The final flintlock design, the Pattern 1839, ended the Land Patterns 117-year run as the primary musket for British forces. In 1841, a fire at the Royal Arsenal destroyed many Land Patterns that were slated for conversion. As a result, a new percussion cap musket, the Pattern 1842, was designed to take its place. Despite this, converted Land Patterns remained in service throughout the empire for several more decades